By MARCIA DUNN (AP Aerospace Writer)
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) — April’s total solar eclipse promises to be a scientific bonanza, thanks to new spacecraft and telescopes — and cosmic chance.
The moon will be especially close to Earth, resulting in a long and intense period of darkness, and the sun is expected to be more active with the potential for dramatic bursts of plasma. Additionally, the path of totality will stretch from Mexico to the U.S. to Canada, providing a dense population of observers who can also contribute to scientific research. stretching from Mexico to the U.S. to Canada.
Hundreds if not thousands of the tens of millions of spectators will double as “citizen scientists,” helping NASA and other research groups better understand our planet and star.
They’ll photograph the sun’s outer crownlike atmosphere, or corona, as the moon passes between the sun and Earth, blocking sunlight for up to 4 minutes and 28 seconds on April 8. They’ll observe the quieting of birds and other animals as midday darkness falls. Additionally, they will measure dropping temperatures, monitor clouds, and use ham radios to gauge communication disruptions.
At the same time, rockets will blast off with science instruments into the electrically charged portion of the atmosphere near the edge of space known as the ionosphere. The small rockets will soar from Wallops Island, Virginia — some 400 miles outside totality but with 81% of the sun obscured in a partial eclipse. Similar launches were conducted from New Mexico during last October’s “ring of fire” solar eclipse that swept across the western U.S. and Central and South America.
“Time for the biggie! It is pretty exciting!!!” Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University’s Aroh Barjatya, the rockets’ mission director, said in an email.
NASA’s high-altitude jets also will take to the air again, chasing the moon’s shadow with improved telescopes to study the sun’s corona and surrounding dust.
“Dust sounds boring,” acknowledged NASA’s eclipse program manager Kelly Korreck. “But at the same time, dust is actually really interesting. Those are the leftover remnants from when the solar system was forming.”
More than 600 weather balloons will be launched by college students along the track, providing live streams while studying atmospheric changes. Cloudy skies shouldn’t matter.
“Lucky for us, the balloons flying to 80,000 feet and above don’t care if it’s cloudy on the ground,” said Angela Des Jardins, an astrophysicist at Montana State University who’s coordinating the nationwide project.
And if the Federal Aviation Administration approves, a 21-foot (6.5-meter) kite will lift a science instrument three miles (5 kilometers) above Texas in an experiment by the University of Hawaii’s Shadia Habbal. She, too, wants to get above any clouds that might hamper her observations of the sun.
Normally hidden by the sun’s glare, the corona is on full display during a total solar eclipse, making it a prime research target. The spiky tendrils emanating thousands of miles (kilometers) into space are mystifyingly hotter than the sun’s surface — in the millions of degrees, versus thousands.
“In terms of the value of total eclipses, science still cannot explain how the corona is heated to such extreme temperatures,” said retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak, better known as Mr. Eclipse for all his charts and books on the subject.
The U.S. won’t experience another total solar eclipse of this size until 2045, so NASA and everyone else is making a big effort.
The eclipse in April will start in the Pacific and reach land at Mazatlan, Mexico, then go through Texas and 14 other U.S. states before going into Canada and exiting into the Atlantic at Newfoundland. Those outside the 115-mile-wide (185-kilometer-wide) path, will see a partial eclipse.
Scientists got a preview of what’s coming during the 2017 total solar eclipse from Oregon to South Carolina. This time, the moon is closer to Earth, causing more minutes of darkness and a wider path.
“Whenever we can observe for a longer time, it gives scientists more data,” Korreck said.
Another scientific benefit this time: The sun will be only a year from its maximum solar activity, compared to 2017 when it was near its minimum. That means much more action at the sun, maybe even a coronal mass ejection during the eclipse, with large amounts of plasma and magnetic field sent into space.
Additionally, there are two new spacecraft studying the sun: NASA’s Parker Solar Probe and the European Space Agency and NASA’s Solar Orbiter. They’ll join other spacecraft on eclipse duty, including the International Space Station and its astronauts.
Closer to home, April’s eclipse, unlike previous ones, will pass over three U.S. radar sites usually used for monitoring space weather. The stations will pay attention to what’s happening in the upper atmosphere as the skies darken.
The Associated Press Health and Science Department gets assistance from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
