This article was originally published on KFF Health News.
Following a crucial year in the effort to discard the term “excited delirium,” progress is being made in several states to prohibit the discredited medical diagnosis from various official processes, including death certificates, law enforcement training, police incident reports, and civil court testimony.
In January, California became the first state to prohibit the medical term from many official proceedings. Now, lawmakers in Colorado, Hawaii, Minnesota, and New York are considering bills that also would rein in how the excited delirium concept is used.
The new wave of state proposals, driven by families who lost relatives after encounters with law enforcement, is an important step in doing away with a concept that critics say encourages police to excessively use lethal force.
“It’s the law following the science, which is what we want to see,” said Joanna Naples-Mitchell, an attorney who worked on an influential Physicians for Human Rights review of how the term excited delirium evolved into a concept whose legitimacy is largely rejected by the medical community.
But initial momentum in statehouses is being met with fresh resistance from law enforcement agencies and other defenders, including some who agree that excited delirium is a sham diagnosis.
The bills “clearly run afoul of the First Amendment” and violate free speech, said Bill Johnson, executive director of the National Association of Police Organizations. He also argued that law enforcement officers do encounter symptoms and behaviors associated with excited delirium.
Excited delirium is a four-decade-old diagnostic theory that has been used to explain how a person experiencing severe agitation can suddenly die while being restrained. Last year, the American College of Emergency Physicians withdrew a 2009 report that had been the last remaining official medical pillar of support for the theory used increasingly over the prior 15 years to explain away police culpability for many in-custody deaths.
Excited delirium was cited as a legal defense in the 2020 deaths of George Floyd in Minneapolis; Daniel Prude in Rochester, New York; and Angelo Quinto in Antioch, California, among others. The theory proposed that individuals in a mental health crisis, often under the influence of drugs or alcohol, can exhibit superhuman strength as police try to control them, then die suddenly from the condition, not the police response.
The New York City Police Department issued training materials in 2021 and 2022 that tell officers to restrain and stun people they encounter who exhibit signs of excited delirium, such as “elevated body temperatures, increased physical strength and lack of physical fatigue,” according to New York Focus, a nonprofit newsroom. The NYPD did not respond to requests for comment on its training or the new state bill.
“They still have this on the books,” said Democratic New York state Assembly member Jessica González-Rojas, who introduced the bill that calls for banning the term from death certificates, autopsies, law enforcement training, incident reports, and court proceedings. “And it’s pretty concerning the types of restraints they are recommending, given lack of evidence that this is an actual medical syndrome.”
The Minneapolis Police Department, which, as reported by the Star Tribune, used the term in trainings, refused to comment on its training materials and the pending state legislation that would forbid the use of excited delirium as a cause of death, a medical diagnosis, or in law enforcement training. Star Tribune declined to comment on its training materials and the pending state legislation. That bill would forbid excited delirium and similar terms from being cited as a cause of death, used as a medical diagnosis, or included in law enforcement training.
But the theory’s presence in training materials may also be starting to change. In Colorado, where the term was used in part to justify the 2019 killing of Elijah McClain in Aurora, a state board removed the term from law enforcement training starting this January. Law enforcement officers restrained the 23-year-old, and paramedics injected him with a lethal dose of ketamine. Elijah McClain in Aurora — a state board eliminated the term from law enforcement training starting this January. Law enforcement officers restrained the 23-year-old, and paramedics injected him with a lethal dose of ketamine.
This year, Colorado lawmakers are discussing a measure that closely resembles California’s bill but allows the term to remain in civil court proceedings.
At the bill’s hearing before the Colorado House Judiciary Committee on Feb. 6, Rebecca De Luna described her family’s anguish over the death of her daughter’s father, Alejandro Gutierrez, in Thornton police custody. She said excited delirium was classified as the cause of his death. Colorado House Judiciary Committee on Feb. 6, Rebecca De Luna described her family’s anguish over the death of her daughter’s father, Alejandro Gutierrez, in Thornton police custody. She said excited delirium was classified as the cause of his death. 2017 death “His face was bruised with an imprint of a shoe. His appearance was unrecognizable,” De Luna testified. “The term has been used far too long as an excuse for law enforcement to protect themselves when someone dies in their custody, quite frankly, as a result of excessive force and what I consider police brutality resulting in death.”
“His face was bruised with an imprint of a shoe. His appearance was unrecognizable,” De Luna testified. “The term has been used far too long as an excuse for law enforcement to protect themselves when someone dies in their custody, quite frankly, as a result of excessive force and what I consider police brutality resulting in death.”
Several medical service providers and educators opposed the move. Timothy Seward, the University of Denver’s emergency medical services program manager, told the committee that he did not object to banning “excited delirium” in death certificates and police training, as police are not health professionals. But banning the term’s use from medical personnel training would amount to legislating medicine and impeding academic freedom, he said. John SewardSeveral medical service providers and educators opposed the move. Timothy Seward, the University of Denver’s emergency medical services program manager, told the committee that he did not object to banning “excited delirium” in death certificates and police training, as police are not health professionals. But banning the term’s use from medical personnel training would amount to legislating medicine and impeding academic freedom, he said.
“If we cannot study and learn from the past, even when that past is hurtful, we are now condemning ourselves to repeat it,” Seward told lawmakers.
Julia Sherwin, a California civil rights attorney who testified in support of the Colorado bill, was surprised by opponents’ arguments that such bills could limit free speech and discussion about the history of the idea.Julia Sherwin, a California civil rights attorney who testified in support of the Colorado bill, was surprised by opponents’ arguments that such bills could limit free speech and discussion about the history of the idea.
“That to me felt a little ridiculous,” said Sherwin, who co-authored the Physicians for Human Rights report. Such bills keep a discredited theory from being falsely used to respond to a crisis and keep “junk science” out of official records, she said.
The Colorado bill passed the state’s House in a 42-19 vote in mid-February and is now before the state Senate. It was amended to clarify that “excited delirium” may be used when teaching about the history of the term and that EMS courses are allowed on “safe and effective medical interaction with individuals exhibiting an altered mental state” who have symptoms that include agitation, aggression, or violence.
Some of the push for such legislation comes from families whose loved ones’ deaths were blamed on excited delirium, rather than on use of force during a police encounter. The Hawaii bill was introduced after William and Verdell Haleck learned about California’s effort and began contacting lawmakers in Hawaii. Their son Sheldon died there in 2015 after he was pepper-sprayed, shocked, and restrained by Honolulu police. In a civil trial that the Halecks lost, officers blamed his death on excited delirium.
The Hawaii bill aims to stop using excited delirium on death certificates, police reports, and civil cases. It hasn't been set for a legislative committee hearing by mid-March, but the Halecks are hopeful it will pass eventually.
William Haleck said it would bring closure and justice.
The Honolulu Police Department is keeping an eye on the bill and has not taken a stance on it, according to Michelle Yu, a department spokesperson. The bill would have little impact on Honolulu’s Department of the Medical Examiner because doctors there do not cite excited delirium as a cause of death, said its director, Masahiko Kobayashi.
One reason these bills are still important is because they prevent policies from changing with each new leadership, said David Siffert, legal director of the Surveillance Technology Oversight Project, which helped create model legislation banning excited delirium and is supporting the New York bill.
Siffert said, “Even if you are doing everything right, you don’t know if your successor will be. Historically we have seen those ups and downs in our agencies.”
Supporters of such state legislation say that banning the term excited delirium is just a first step toward reducing deaths in police custody.
Naples-Mitchell said, “The underlying context doesn’t change with legislation alone. It is going to take a very long time to address the root causes.”
Mountain States editor Matt Volz contributed to this article.
KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.
Subscribe to KFF Health News’ free Morning Briefing.
